aetiology

Last reviewed 01/2018

Causes include:

• lymphadenopathy e.g. lymphoma, tuberculosis, carcinoma.
• thyroid derived e.g. thymoma, retrosternal goitre.
• aortic e.g. aneurysm, coarctation.
• herniae e.g. hiatus hernia, diaphragmatic herniae.
• oesophageal e.g. achalasia, neoplasm.
• cystic e.g. teratoma, dermoid, bronchial, hydatid.
• neurogenic e.g. neurofibroma, ganglioneuroma.
• others e.g. paravertebral abscess, mesothelioma, lipoma.