aetiology

Last reviewed 01/2023

Possible causes include:

• congenital - by far the most common. Thick deformed bicuspid or tricuspid valves, sometimes associated with Noonan's syndrome, William's syndrome, or Fallot's tetralogy. Peripheral and valvular pulmonary stenosis may occur in rubella syndrome
• rheumatic involvement of the pulmonary valve - rare
• carcinoid tumours of the small bowel with hepatic metastases - these are associated with acquired thickening of valves on the right side of the heart