aetiology
Last reviewed 01/2018
Unilateral:
- lumen:
- calculi
- wall:
- ureterocoele
- stricture
- malignancy
- external:
- blood vessel
- lymphadenopathy
Bilateral:
- congenital:
- strictures
- valves
- acquired:
- bladder neck hypertrophy
- prostatic hypertrophy or malignancy
- urethral stricture
- phimosis