aetiology
Last reviewed 11/2022
Causes include:
- increased left ventricular requirements:
- high output states e.g. thyrotoxicosis, anaemia, polycythaemia
- increased resistance to left ventricular evacuation:
- systemic hypertension
- hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
- coarctation of aorta
- aortic stenosis
- inefficient emptying of left ventricle:
- aortic incompetence
- mitral incompetence