aetiology

Last reviewed 01/2018

Possible causes include:

• pulmonary venous congestion due to left ventricular failure in the presence of increased afterload, for example in aortic stenosis or coarctation of the aorta
• an excessive preload - for example an abnormally high venous return due to a patent ductus or a ventricular septal defect
• obstruction of the pulmonary venous return, for example cor triatriatum