interpretation

Last reviewed 01/2018

The most important question under examination conditions is "Has contrast been given ?". Examiners have drawers full of plain abdominal radiographs with huge radioopaque staghorn calculi, calcified bladder stones or tumours which they delight in showing examinees, who then tell them in detail how the intravenous urogram shows...

The intravenous urogram has three phases which overlap:

• nephrogram phase
• the collecting phase
• the cystogram phase