single second (2nd) heart sound

Last reviewed 01/2018

This may be present in:

• a calcified aortic stenotic valve
• pulmonary stenosis - here the P2 component may be soft
• Fallot's tetralogy
• Ebstein's anomaly
• pericardial effusion
• where pulmonary pressure approaches systemic blood pressure, for example in a large ventricular septal defect
• other causes eg obesity, pulmonary emphysema