Helman (questions to be answered)

Last reviewed 01/2018

Cecil Helman, an anthropologist, suggested that a patient with a problem comes to the doctor seeking answers to six questions:

1) What has happened happened? This includes organising the symptoms and signs into a recognisable pattern, and giving it a name or iidentity.

2) Why has it happened? This explains the aetiology or cause of the condition.

3) Why has it happened to me? This tries to relate the illness to aspects of the patient, such as behaviour, diet, body-build, personality or heredity.

4) Why now? This concern the timing of the illness and its mode of onset (sudden or slow)

5) What would happen to me if nothing were done about it? This considers its likely course, outcome, prognosis and dangers.

6) What are its likely effects on other people (family, friends, employers, workmates) if nothing were done about it? This includes loss of income or of employment, or a strain on family relationships.

7)What should I do about it -or to whom should I turn for further help? Strategies for treating the condition, including self-medication, consultation with friends or family, or going to see a doctor.

Reference:

• 1) Helman CG (1981).Diseases versus illness in general practice. JRCGP, 31, 548-52.