differential diagnosis
Last edited 05/2022
Differential diagnosis of chilblains include:
- Raynaud's phenomenon (3)
- frostbite (1)
- acrocyanosis (2)
- conditions which cause erythematous, nodular, and ulcerative lesions (3)
- erythema nodosum
- cold panniculitis
- erythema induratum
- nodular vasculitis
- leukocytoclastic vasculitis (3)
- arterial insufficiency (3).
Reference:
- (1) Simon TD, Soep JB, Hollister JR. Pernio in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2005 Sep;116(3):e472-5. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-2681. PMID: 16140694.
- (2) Jordaan H.F. The diagnosis and management of perniosis (chilblains). SA Fam Pract 2007;49(6): 28-29.
- (3) AlMahameed, A., Pinto, D.S. Pernio (Chilblains). Curr Treat Options Cardio Med 10, 128–135 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-008-0014-0