relative risk of upper GI bleeding (bleed) based on various demographic and pharmacologic risk factors
Last edited 07/2019 and last reviewed 11/2023
Relative Risk of Upper GI bleeding based on various Demographic and Pharmacologic risk factors
| Risk Factor | Relative Risk (95% CI) |
| Male Sex (*) | 2.1 (1.9-2.3) |
| Age 70-80y (*) | 4.5 (4.0-4.9) |
| History of previous bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease (**) | 4.4 (3.6-5.5) |
| Aspirin (**) | 1.8 (1.6-2.0) |
| Oral anticoagulant (**) | 1.8 (1.4-2.3) |
| High dose corticosteroids (**) | 1.9 (1.1-3.4) |
| low or medium dose NSAIDs (**) | 2.0 (1.6-2.6) |
| Oral anticoagulant plus aspirin (**) | 3.6 (2.1-6.3) |
| Dual antiplatelet therapy (**) | 3.7 (2.4-5.8) |
| High dose NSAIDs (**) | 3.9 (3.1-4.9) |
| Low or medium dose NSAIDs plus aspirin (**) | 4.8 (3.5-6.6) |
* Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Apr;37(7):738-48.
** Circulation. 2011 Mar 15;123(10):1108-15