aetiology
Last reviewed 09/2021
The most significant cause of lung cancer is smoking, with 80-90% of lung cancer occuring in smokers (1,2).
Passive smoking, though not as significant a risk factor as smoking oneself, increases the risk of bronchial carcinoma by a factor of 1.5, and may account for 5% of lung cancer.
Other aetiological agents include:
- asbestos:
- blue asbestos poses the greatest risk
- associated with pleural mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma
- dust containing arsenics, dichromates, chromates, nickel (2)
- coal tar and products of coal combustion (3)
- chronic inflammation predisposes to alveolar cell carcinoma
- ionising radiation (1,2)
- chronic inflammation is associated with adenocarcinoma of the lung (4)
Notes:
- there is evidence that lung tumours associated with occupational exposure to arsenic are more likely to be adenocarcinomas (5)
- polymorphisms in the genes for inflammatory mediator's (interleukin) IL1A and IL1B are more frequent in patients with lung cancer, in particular amongst heavy smokers (6)
Reference:
- Ruano-Ravina A et al. Lung cancer and related risk factors: an update of the literature. Public Health 2003;117 (3):149-156.
- Alberg AJ et al. Epidemiology of lung cancer: looking to the future. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 10;23(14):3175-85
- Randem BG et al. Cancer incidence among male Norwegian asphalt workers. Am J Ind Med. 2003 Jan;43(1):88-95
- Barsky SH et al. The extracellular matrix of the pulmonary scar carcinomas is suggestive of desmoplastic origin. Am J Pathol 1986 124:412.
- Guo H et al. Cell Type Specificity of Lung Cancer Associated with Arsenic Ingestion.Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2004; 13: 638-643.
- Engels EA et al. Systematic Evaluation of Genetic Variants in the Inflammation Pathway and Risk of Lung Cancer. Cancer Res. 2007 Jun 27